Network Motifs Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks

The two most common sub-graphs in gene regulation and electronic circuits are:

A filter as a feed-forward graph:

This coarse-grains temporal information: two micro-states of time are collapsed into a single value that is 1 iff the current and previous values were both 1.

Quantifying causal emergence uses a bifan with two AND gates, which doesn't make much sense to me. An AND and an OR instead:

This also coarse-grains information: the number of distinguishable micro-states collapses from 4 to 3.

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