Network Motifs Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks
The two most common sub-graphs in gene regulation and electronic circuits are:
A filter as a feed-forward graph:
This coarse-grains temporal information: two micro-states of time are collapsed into a single value that is 1 iff the current and previous values were both 1.
Quantifying causal emergence uses a bifan with two AND gates, which doesn't make much sense to me. An AND and an OR instead:
This also coarse-grains information: the number of distinguishable micro-states collapses from 4 to 3.